MARADHI YATOKANAYO NA MAAMBUKIZO YA HEWA NA KINGA YAKE

Maradhi yatokanayo na maambukizo ya hewa na kinga yake.

FUNGU hili la magonjwa linajumuisha magonjwa yote yatokanayo na utumiaji wa hewa toka kwa mtu mmoja hadi mwingine. Msingi wake mkubwa ni hewa yenye vijidudu vya maambukizo (germs) viingiapo katika mfumo wa upumuaji (respiratory tract) wa mtu mwingine.

Njia za uenezaji wa magonjwa katika kundi hili imeenezwa kutoka kwa mgonjwa mwenye vijidudu kwa kuzungumza, kukohoa, na kupiga chafya (sneezing-drops).

Magonjwa haya husambazwa kwa urahisi zaidi katika sehemu zenye msongamano kama mashuleni, katika vyombo vya usafiri, mahoteli na katika kumbi mbalimbali. Sehemu zote hizi ni lazima ziwe na hewa ya kutosha.

Magonjwa haya yamegawanyika katika sehemu kuu mbili na hii ni kutokana na sehemu ya maambukizo yake. Sehemu ya kwanza ni (URTI) Upper Respiratory Tract Infection ambayo inaathiri majimaji yanayotumika kuvilinda viungo hivyo sehemu ya juu (mucous membrane) katika pua, umio la hewa (trachea). Sehemu ya pili ni ile inayoathiri viungo vya chini ya upumuaji ijulikanayo kama (LRTI) Lowre Respiratory Tract Infection kama vile mapafu.

Pia magonjwa haya yamegawanyika tena kutokana na tabia yake, yapo yanayoshambulia kwa muda mfupi na yanayokuja kwa kasi yanafahamika kama (Acute Respiratory Tract Infection) kama vile mafua, kuvimba kwa umio la hewa. Na magonjwa yanayoathiri sehemu za upumuaji za chini (LRTI) kama vile kichomi (pheumonia) ambayo inaathiri mapafu.

Pia yapo yanayodumu kwa muda mrefu wa maambukizo yake (cronic Respiratory Infection - CRI) kama vile kifua kikuu (Tuberculosis) na kifaduro (whooping cough). Kwa ujumla magonjwa yanayotokana na maambukizo ya hewa hutokana na kuwepo kwa vijimelea ni yale ya bacteria na virus.

Magonjwa ya hewa yatokanayo na bacteria ni kifaduro (whooping cough), donda koo (Diphthenia), homa ya uti wa mgongo (meningitis) na mengineyo.

Uvutaji wa hewa ni jambo lisiloweza kuepukika kwani maisha ya kila kiumbe yanategemea hewa katika kuishi kwake, hivyo ni muhimu kuchukua tahadhari dhidi ya kujikinga na magonjwa haya. Tahadhari hizo ni kuzingatia mambo yafuatayo:

Kuwepo na sehemu ya kuingizia hewa ya kutosha katika kila nyumba ili kuruhusu mzunguko wa hewa kuwa mzuri. Chumba kisiwe nasehemu moja tu ya dirisha, kwani dirisha kama hili kiafya halitakiwi.

Kama ni viwandani au sehemu zenye mkusanyiko wa watu au hata katika nyumba za kuishi ni vizuri uwepo mfumo huo wa asili na ukisaidiwana na mfumo wa hewa uliotengenezwa na binadamu (artificial ventilation).

Hii ni kuwepo kwa mtambo unaofahamika kama plennum system katika mtambo huu hewa hutibiwa, kwa maana vijidudu huuawa na hewa hupozwa na ikawa yenye unyevunyevu na hii inapatikana katika viyoyozi vile vile hewa huwa yenye ubaridi mzuri.

Mfumo mwingine ni ule wa kutoa vumbi vumbi ambalo linaweza kuathiri hewa na kutupwa nje kupitia mtambo maalum. Pia kuna mfumo uunganishao mitambo ya kutoa vumbi viwandani na kuleta hewa yenye ubaridi mzuri. Haya yote hufanywa kwa lengo zima la kupambana na maambukizo yanayotokana na hewa.

Kuepukana na msongamano. Msongamano ni hali ya mlundikano wa watu usiotakiwa kama katika usafiri, mikutano na kadhalika. Kwa ujumla msongamano ni zidio la watu kwa mfano chumba chenye ujazo wa mita 100 ni maalum kwa mtu mmoja, sasa badala ya kuwepo mtu mmoja akaongezeka mwingne hiyo tayari ni msongamano. Sasa ni muhimu kujiepusha na misongamano ili kuepuka maambukizo.

Kuwatenga wagonjwa ( Isolation): Hii ni kuwaweka wagonjwa mbali na watu ili pasiwepo na mawasiliano ya aina yoyote kati ya wagonjwa na wasiokuwa wagonjwa. Japo hali hii inawaathiri wagonjwa kisaikolojia, lakini athari waipatayo wagonjwa ni kidogo ikilinganisha na athari itakayopatikana ikiwa mawasiliano yataruhusiwa. Kwa kufanya hivyo tutakuwa tumezuia maambukizo ya magonjwa.

Kuwepo na utoaji wa elimu ya afya (Health Education): Kutokana na uzito wa maradhi na jinsi ya kujikinga na maradhi hayo, Wizara au Idara inayohusika inapaswa itoe elimu kwa jamii. Ili kujikinga na maradhi hayo watu wazingatie yafuatayo.

Watu wawe na tabia ya usafi (Personal Hygiene) katika kufunika midomo na pua wakati wa kukohoa au kupiga chafya.

Kutumia leso au karatasi wakati wa kupenga kamasi au kutoa makohozi.

Usiteme mate ovyo ndani na nje ya nyumba.

Pasiwepo matumizi ya kuchangia vikombe, mabakuli kati ya mgonjwa na wasio wagonjwa.

Kuvaa vifaa vya kuziba pua na macho (musks): Hii inatakiwa ifanyike viwandani na mahospitalini na husaidia viwandani kuzuia kuvuta hewa ambayo inamchanganyiko wa vumbi kwa kuifanya hewa ichujwe. 

Vile vile huzuia maambukizo ya watu wenye madhara kwa mfano mahospitalini. Pia hukinga maambukizo kwa watoto wazaliwao kabla ya siku kwa kuhakikisha hawapati hewa ipumuliwayo moja kwa moja kutoka 

kwa waganga, wauguzi au watu wenye maambukizo. Kwa kuzingatia hayo tutakuwa tumejikinga na maambukizo kwa njia ya hewa.

Chanjo: Watu hupata chanjo ili kuukinga mwili dhidi ya maambukizo ya magonjwa yaambukizayo kwa njia ya hewa.

Chanjo hutolewa na kitengo cha chanjo nchini EPI Expanded Programme on Immunization. Kifua kikuu 
(Tuberculosis) inazuiwa kwa chanjo ya BCG vaccines, ndui small pox ugonjwa huu umeondoshwa, haupo 

hivi sasa kutokana na jitihada za wataalamu. Surua (measles) hukingwa kwa measles vaccines donda koo (Diphtheria) pamoja na kifaduro (whooping cough) kwa pamoja hukingwa na DPT vaccines. Yote 

tuliyoyaeleza yanatokana na maambukizo ya hewa na jinsi ya kujikinga. Kwa kuzingatia ukweli usiopingika ni kuwa tuipe kinga kipaumbele kwani kinga ni bora kuliko tiba.

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NATURAL HOME REMEDIES FOR NOSE BLEEDING

Nose Bleeding:

• The bleeding is caused when the delicate blood vessels 

inside the nose rupture

• It's a very common condition amongst children

Symptoms to look for:

• Blood drips from the nose

Causes:

• Blood vessels rupture easily due to:

   o Injury 

   o Picking nose with sharp nails

   o High humidity

   o Extreme temperatures

Natural home remedy using onion:

1. Onion is a good clotting agent

2. Take an onion slice

3. Press it under your nose

Natural home remedy using ice:

1. Take a clean piece of cloth

2. Wrap a few ice cubes in it

3. Sit in an upright position

4. Tilt your head forward

5. Hold the ice pack on the nose for 5-6 min

Natural home remedy:

1. Pinch the part of your nose below the bony bridge

2. Press gently for 5 min

3. Release the pressure

4. It's normal if you feel a tingling sensation, it's just the 

blood rushing back

Tips:

• Don't clean your nose after the bleeding stops as this 

will remove the clots and cause bleeding again

• Do not lie down or throw head backwards during nose 

bleed as this will make the blood flow to your

   throat and make you choke

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8 Natural Solutions For Sinus Infection

Sinus infections are very common and while they do not sound like much they can cause a number of very uncomfortable symptoms. This infection is characterized by the sinuses swelling and being inflamed. Millions of Americans experience this infection each year and while it can be very uncomfortable there are a number of natural solutions that you can try at home.

These can usually be combined so that you can tackle the different aspects of the infection without the need for antibiotics. It is recommended, however, that if your sinus infection is severe or if you have them frequently that you talk to your doctor before only using natural remedies just to be on the safe side.

Use a Humidifier

One of the things that can really increase your discomfort is dry air to adding a little humidity can rectify this. It is important to balance the humidity, however, because too much can also cause problems. Aim for below 50 percent because any higher causes dust mites to get very active and if you are allergic to them this can compound your symptoms. It is best to take the humidifier into your bedroom and shut the door so that the space maintains an optimal level of humidity.

If you use one in a more open area it may not be nearly effective. If you do not have a humidifier and are in a pinch, go into the bathroom, shut the door and turn the shower on hot. Just sit in the room for about 10 to 15 minutes to help moisten your sinuses. Do not stay too long because the heat could dehydrate you.

Stay Hydrated

This probably goes without saying because it is important to stay hydrated at all times, but this is even more important when you are sick. Also, if you are dehydrated this can dry up your mucous membranes making your sinus infection even more uncomfortable.

So, drink plenty of water and carry a bottle around all day so that you can sip and ensure adequate hydration. You can also use some saltwater to flush your nasal passages to help remove gunk by irrigating them and to help moisten them a bit. A bulb syringe works well for this or you can also use a Neti pot.

Extracts and Oils

Many people are turning to extracts and oils to alleviate their sinus infection because in addition to calming the symptoms they may also help to combat the associated inflammation.

Make a mixture of the following to create a rinse that has antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral properties: one teaspoon of sea salt, five drops of oregano oil, three drops of eucalyptus oil, six drops of betadine, one teaspoon of baking soda, five drops of olive leaf extract and three drops of tea tree oil. Mix these together well and use a Neti pot or a bulb syringe to irrigate.

Betadine Rinses

In addition to rinsing with water you can also create a betadine solution to increase the power of rinsing. You have to be very careful with the amount of betadine you use or else you could experience a rather unpleasant burning sensation. Take one teaspoon of sea salt, six drops of betadine, a half teaspoon of baking soda and add this to two cups of distilled water that is lukewarm. Make sure to stir the mixture well so that everything mixes and dissolves. You can use a Neti pot or a bulb syringe for the flush.

Apple Cider Vinegar Tea

Apple cider vinegar is not the best when it comes to taste, but it is effective for helping with a wide array of health issues and this includes sinus infections. Make a hot tea with six ounces of water, two teaspoons of apple cider vinegar and you can use either Splenda or honey to improve the taste.

Honey is best because it can mask the taste of the vinegar a little bit and it is also soothing. You can drink this up to three times every day to alleviate your symptoms.

 

Grapefruit Seed Extract

This extract helps to inhibit bacteria and microbes thanks to its antibiotic powers. It also has anti-parasitic, antiviral and antifungal properties. They have nasal sprays where the primary ingredient is grapefruit seed extract and you just have to follow the instructions to ensure proper use. This can be used along with any other treatments, including those prescribed by a doctor.

Supplementation

It is well-known that vitamin C, echinacea and zinc are all effective for reducing recovery time and helping your body to fight off illness. It is best to have your doctor prescribed the right dosages, but you can use over-the-counter supplements and increase foods that are high in zinc and vitamin C.

It is best to start this supplementation regimen at the first sign of a sinus infection to alleviate symptoms and reduce the infection’s duration.

Improved Diet

When you are battling a sinus infection you want to strengthen your body and immune system as much as possible. Aim for a diet with plenty of protein, adequate carbohydrates and plenty of vitamins and minerals. Sticking to fruits, vegetables, whole grains and lean meats should give your body everything it needs to fight off this infection.

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MAFUA NI NINI?, CHANZO, DALILI NA MATIBABU YAKE

Mafua yanaweza kuwa moja ya sababu kubwa inayofanya watu wengi kushindwa kwenda kazini, katika shughuli mbalimbali za uzalishaji au kuhudhuria shuleni na kwenda kutafuta msaada wa kitabibu hospitalini. 

Ingawa dalili za mafua siyo kali sana na hazidumu kwa zaidi ya majuma matatu, Shirika la Kudhibiti na Kuzuia Magonjwa la Marekani (CDC) linasema kuwa, kila mwaka mafua husababisha kupotea kwa siku milioni 22 za mahudhurio shuleni nchini Marekani.

Katika utafiti wao Fendrick AM, Monto AS, Nightengale B na Sarnes M uliochapishwa katika jarida la kitabibu la Archival of Internal Medicine toleo la 163 mwaka 2003, walibaini kuwa mafua yanaweza kusababisha mzigo mkubwa katika maendeleo ya kiuchumi.

Utafiti huo uliohusisha kaya 4,051 huko Marekani, ulionyesha kuwa takribani dola bilioni 40 za Marekani hupotea kila mwaka kutokana na magonjwa ya mfumo wa kupumua yatokanayo na virusi vya mafua. 

Ugonjwa wa mafua unaweza kusababisha hali ya kupiga chafya mara kwa mara, kutokwa na makamasi mepesi au mazito puani, kikohozi, homa kali, na kuziba kwa pua.

Dalili zingine ni pamoja na kichwa kuuma, uchovu wa mwili, kupoteza hamu ya chakula na hali ya kuchochota kooni.

Dalili hizi huanza ndani ya saa 16 tokea wakati wa kugusana na virusi au visababishi vya mafua. Na hali huwa mbaya katika kipindi cha saa 24 hadi 72 ambapo virusi huwa vingi katika majimaji yatokayo puani.

Katika kipindi hiki mgonjwa wa mafua huwa na uwezo mkubwa wa kuambukiza watu wengine. Dalili za ugonjwa wa mafua hutegemea zaidi uwezo wa mwili wa kupambana na magonjwa kuliko uwezo wa virusi kushambulia nyama za mwili katika njia ya mfumo wa hewa.

Mafua yanaweza kusababisha matatizo makubwa katika mfumo wa kupumua hasa pale yanapoambatana na uambukizo wa pili wa bakteria. Matatizo yanaweza kuwa makubwa zaidi kwa watoto wachanga, wazee au kwa watu wenye upungufu wa kinga mwilini.

Mafua pia yanaweza kusababisha ugonjwa wa uambukizo wa bakteria katika matundu ya fuvu la kichwa (sinusitis), uambukizo katika masikio na koo.

Na katika kipindi hiki mgonjwa hutoa makohozi au makamasi yenye rangi ya njano yanayofanana na usaha. Katika hatua hii, mgonjwa wa mafua anaweza kupata homa kali sawa na mtu mwenye homa ya Malaria.

Kimsingi mafua yanasababishwa na uambukizo wa virusi vya mafua. Wataalamu wa maswala ya afya na tiba wanasema kuwa, kuna aina zaidi ya 200 za virusi vinavyosababisha mafua ingawa virusi aina ya rhinoviruses vilivyogunduliwa miaka ya 1950, ndivyo vinasababisha mafua kwa kwa asilimia 30 hadi 80.

Aina zingine za virusi vya mafua ni human coronavirus, influenza viruses, adenoviruses, human parainfluenza viruses, human respiratory syncytial virus, enteroviruses  na metapneumovirus.

Mara nyingi mtu anaweza kupata uambukizo wa virusi vya mafua vya aina mbalimbali kwa kipindi kimoja anapoumwa mafua.

Kwa kawaida mafua hutokea zaidi wakati wa mvua na baridi kali. Hii ni kutokana na uwezo wa virusi wa mafua kusambaa kwa kasi wakati wa baridi. Lakini pia katika kipindi cha baridi kali njia ya hewa katika mfumo wa kupumua, huwa kavu kiasi cha kushindwa kukabiliana na virusi wa mafua kwa ufanisi mkubwa.

Mafua pia yanaweza kusababishwa na mzio katika mfumo wa kupumua. Utafiti uliofanywa katika hospitali ya Bugando jijini Mwanza, ulionyesha kuwa mafua yatokanayo na mzio katika mfumo wa kupumua huchangia kwa asilimia 14.7 katika mzigo wa wagonjwa wanaolazwa hospitalini hapo kutokana na magonjwa ya mfumo wa kupumua.

 Hii ni kwa mujibu wa utafiti uliofanywa na Said A. Said kwa kushirikiana na Mabula D. Mchembe, Phillipo L. Chalya, Peter Rambau  pamoja na Japhet M. Gilyoma na kuchapishwa katika jarida la mambo ya tiba la magonjwa ya hewa, BMC Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders.

Tafiti mbalimbali za afya ya jamii pia zinaonesha kuwa, mafua yatokanayo na mzio wa njia ya kupumua ni tatizo la ulimwengu mzima na kwamba utokeaji wa tatizo hili ni asilimia 10 hadi 40 na tatizo hili linaongezeka.

Sababu kubwa zinazochangia kutokea kwa aina hii ya mafua ni uchafuzi wa hewa, vumbi hasa la ndani ya nyumba, moshi wa sigara, hali ya baridi na matumizi ya pafyumu zenye harufu kali.

Kwa kawaida mafua yatokanayo na mzio hayaambatani na homa, yanakuwa meupe, mepesi, wakati mwingine yanaambatana na muwasho wa macho, ugonjwa wa pumu au kutokea kwa uvimbe wa vinyama puani (nasal polyps).

Katika utafiti ulioongozwa na Zitta J na kuchapishwa katika jarida la Chama cha Madaktari cha Marekani (AMA) toleo la 288(23), ilibainika kuwa watu wanaosafiri kwa ndege kwa muda mrefu kuanzia saa moja na kuendelea, wana uwezekano mkubwa wa kupata ugonjwa wa mafua.

Sababu ya jambo hili kwa mujibu wa utafiti huo ni kwamba, kinga ya miili ya abiria wa ndege dhidi ya mafua (mucociliary clearance system) huparaganyika kutokana na ukavu wa hewa ndani ya ndege. Unyevu wa hewa katika ndege inayosafiri zaidi ya saa moja hupungua kufikia kiasi cha asilimia 10 hadi 5.

Ukavu wa hewa au kupungua kwa unyevu katika hewa, husababisha vinywele (cilia) katika njia ya hewa kushindwa kukamata virusi vya mafua na kuvisafirisha hadi tumboni ambako kwa kawaida huunguzwa kwa tindikali (acid) ya tumboni na kufa. Mwili wa binadamu hufurahia na kuwa katika hali bora  pale unyevu wa hewa unapokuwa kati ya asilimia 20 na 60.

Njia zinazosaidia kukabiliana na tatizo la mafua ni pamoja na kunawa mikono mara kwa mara na kuepuka kushika shika pua na macho. Ni vizuri kufunika pua na mdomo kwa kitambaa wakati wa kupiga chafya

atika utafiti wao wataalamu wa Chuo kikuu cha Carnegie Mellon waligundua kuwa watu wenye telomere ndefu katika vinasaba vya seli zao aina ya CD8CD28, wana uwezo mkubwa wa kudhibiti virusi vinavyosababisha mafua.

Utafiti huo uliongozwa na Shaldon Cohen na kuchapishwa katika jarida la Chama cha Madaktari wa Marekani (JAMA), Februari 2013.

Tafiti kadhaa pia zinaonyesha kuwa watu wanaofanya mazoezi ya mwili mara kwa mara, hawakabiliwi na tatizo la mafua mara nyingi ikilinganishwa na wale wasiofanya mazoezi. Hali hii yaweza kusababishwa na kurefuka kwa telomere kwa sababu ya mazoezi.

Kula mbogamboga na matunda kwa wingi pia ni njia bora ya kupunguza uwezekano wa kupata mafua mara kwa kutokana na kupata vitamin C na madini ya zinki kwa wingi katika vyakula hivi.

Vitamini C na zinki husaidia kinga ya mwili kukabiliana na virusi mbalimbali na kupunguza hatari ya kupata mzio utokanao na vyakula vya asili ya wanyama.

Mtaalamu wa sayansi ya tiba ya akili (Neuropsychologist) Dk David Lewis, katika utafiti wake  aligundua kuwa furaha na kicheko cha mara kwa mara, husaidia katika kukabiliana na tatizo la mafua.

Dk Lewis anasema kuwa utafiti wake ulihusisha wagonjwa wenye mafua kuangalia vipindi vya futuhi (comedy) na baada ya dakika 30, zaidi ya asilimia 70 ya wagonjwa walipata nafuu. Hii ni kwa mujibu wa Tom Morgan kama ilivyoandikwa katika mtandao wa www.express.co.uk mnano Januari 24, 2014.

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NYAMA NDANI YA PUA (NASAL POLYPS)

Nyama ndani ya pua/ Nasal polyps

Nasal polyps hizi ni aina ya vimbe zinazojitokeza toka katika kiwamboute ndani ya pua na paranasal sinuses.( aina yavitundu ndani ya pua). Ni uotaji wa mucosa uliozidi kawaida ambao mara nyongi huambatana na Allergic Rhinitisna pia huwa haviumi na ni huru katika mwenendo ndani.( Freely movable)

Maelezo juu ya Nyama za pua (Nasal polyps)

Nyama za pua (Nasal polyps) mara nyingi zinawekwa katika makundi  mawili ambayo kitaalamu yanajulikana kamaantrochoanal polyps na ethmoidal polyps. Antrochoanal polyps huchipua ama kuota toka katika vijitundu viitwavyomaxillary sinuses na hizi huwa ni mara chache kuwapata watu.  Ethmoidal polyps hizi hichipua ama huota toka katika vijitundu viitwavyo ethmoidal sinuses. Antrochoanal polyps mara nyingi huadhili tundu moja ya tu pua  wakati ethmoidal polyps huwa ni nyingi na huathili tundu zote za pua.

Dalili za mtu mwenye nyama za pua

Mara nyingi mtu mwenye nyama aina hii huhisi pua kuziba, sinusitis, kupoteza hali ya kunusa harufu ain yoyote, kupata maumivu ya kichwa. Pamoja na kuziondoa kwa njia ya upasuaji nyama hizi huwa zinatabia ya kujirudia kuota tena, karibu asilimia 70% ya upasuaji hujirudia. Upasuaji unahitaji umakini mkubwa ili kuepusha uharibifu wa maeneo mengine  ndani ya pua na jicho (orbit matter).

Kuna aina kuu 2 za nasal polyps.

• 1. Antrochoanal
• a. Moja (Single), Huathili tundu moja (Unilateral)
• b. Can originate from maxillary sinus
• c. Hasa huwapata watoto (Usually found in children).

• 2. Ethmoidal
• a. huathili tundu zote mbili (Bilateral)
• b. Mara nyingi huawapata watu wazima (Usually found in adults).

Visababishi

Namna  nyama za pua zinavyojitokeza bado haifahamiki, ila inafikirika kuwa nyingi husababishwa na Allergy na kwa uchache cyst fibrosis.

Aina ya magonjwa yanayo ambatana na utekeaji wa nyama za pua.

1. Chronic rhinosinusitis
2. Asthma
3. Aspirin intolerance
4. Cystic fibrosis
5. Kartagener's syndrome
6. Young's syndrome
7. Churg-strauss syndrome
8. Nasal mastocytosis

Exposure to some forms of chromium can cause nasal polyps and associated diseases.

Matibabu.

Nasal polyps mara nyingi hutibiwa kwa njia ya upasuaji, aina ya steroids za kupaka nk.

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